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Modelado de células solares orgánicas

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Como se discutió anteriormente, los semiconductores orgánicos son materiales altamente desordenados sin un orden de largo alcance. Esto significa que los bordes de la banda de conducción y de la banda de valencia no están bien definidos. Además, este desorden físico y energético genera estados trampa en los que los electrones y huecos fotogenerados pueden quedar atrapados y eventualmente recombinarse.

La clave para describir con precisión las células solares orgánicas en un modelo de dispositivo es incluir la captura de portadores y la recombinación a través de estados de trampa. Un enfoque comúnmente usado es usar un modelo de medio efectivo, donde las ecuaciones de difusión de deriva estándar se usan para describir el transporte a través del dispositivo. Luego, se introduce una cola exponencial de estados de trampa que decae en la brecha de banda desde los bordes de movilidad. [93] Para describir la captura/escape de estos estados trampa se puede utilizar el Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) . Se ha demostrado que el mecanismo Shockley-Read-Hall es capaz de reproducir el comportamiento del dispositivo polímero:fullereno tanto en el dominio del tiempo como en el estado estacionario. [93]

El diseño de celdas solares orgánicas requiere la optimización de una gran cantidad de parámetros estructurales y de composición, como las brechas de banda y los espesores de las capas. La simulación de dispositivos numéricos puede proporcionar información instrumental para identificar la configuración de pila óptima. [94] Esto permite reducir el tiempo solicitado para el desarrollo de celdas solares eficientes.

Desafíos actuales y avances recientes [ editar ]

Las dificultades asociadas con las células fotovoltaicas orgánicas incluyen su baja eficiencia cuántica externa (hasta un 70 %) [95] en comparación con los dispositivos fotovoltaicos inorgánicos, a pesar de tener una buena eficiencia cuántica interna; esto se debe a una absorción insuficiente con capas activas del orden de 100 nanómetros. Las inestabilidades contra la oxidación y la reducción, la recristalización y las variaciones de temperatura también pueden provocar la degradación del dispositivo y una disminución del rendimiento con el tiempo. Esto ocurre en diferentes grados para dispositivos con diferentes composiciones, y es un área en la que se está investigando activamente. [96]

Otros factores importantes incluyen la longitud de difusión del excitón, la separación de carga y la acumulación de carga que se ven afectadas por la presencia de impurezas.

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