herb gardens

In the Early Middle Ages, Benedictine monasteries preserved medical knowledge in Europe, translating and copying classical texts and maintaining herb gardens.^[21][22] Hildegard of Bingen wrote Causae et Curae ("Causes and Cures") on medicine.^[23] In the Islamic Golden Age, scholars translated many classical Greek texts including Dioscorides into Arabic, adding their own commentaries.^[24] Herbalism flourished in the Islamic world, particularly in Baghdad and in Al-Andalus. Among many works on medicinal plants, Abulcasis (936–1013) of Cordoba wrote The Book of Simples, and Ibn al-Baitar (1197–1248) recorded hundreds of medicinal herbs such as Aconitum, nux vomica, and tamarind in his Corpus of Simples.^[25] Avicenna included many plants in his 1025 The Canon of Medicine.^[26] Abu-Rayhan Biruni,^[27] Ibn Zuhr,^[28] Peter of Spain, and John of St Amand wrote further pharmacopoeias.^[29]

Early Modern[edit]

An early illustrated book of medicinal plants,^[30] The Grete Herball, 1526

The Early Modern period saw the flourishing of illustrated herbals across Europe, starting with the 1526 Grete Herball. John Gerard wrote his famous The Herball or General History of Plants in 1597, based on Rembert Dodoens, and Nicholas Culpeper published his The English Physician Enlarged.^[30] Many new plant medicines arrived in Europe as products of Early Modern exploration and the resulting Columbian Exchange, in which livestock, crops and technologies were transferred between the Old World and the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries. Medicinal herbs arriving in the Americas included garlic, ginger, and turmeric; coffee, tobacco and coca travelled in the other direction.^[31][32] In Mexico, the sixteenth century Badianus Manuscript described medicinal plants available in Central America.^[33]

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